The information in this table below has mostly been supplied by the PCGIAP member but where marked by an asterisk *, it has been taken from a private collection of geodetic information.
Additional information can be found at the Petroconsultants's WWW site.
If you wish to submit any information for updating your component of the Surveying (Geodesy) Activities table please use the Report Update Form.
Select a jurisdiction to see the available information:
| * Horizontal Datum | Indian |
| * Ellipsoid |
International 1924 Semi major axis (a) = 6378388.0m Flattening (1/f ) = 297 [ * refer footnote ] |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | American Samoa Datum 1962 (ASD 62) |
| Ellipsoid |
WGS 84 Semi major axis (a) = 6378137.0m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.257223563 |
| Vertical Datum |
Menu Sea Level tide gauges observation tidal Bench Mark established for precise levelling. |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities |
Only Differential GPS box station (1m accuracy) |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | No |
| Forward Program | No |
| Contact Details |
Meko Aiumu Tuaolo General Manager Surveying and Land Information Division Public Works Dept American Samoa, 96799 Ph: +684 633 4086 Fax: +684 633 5958 Email: pat@samoatelco.com |
| More Information | n/a |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | |
| Ellipsoid | |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
AUSTRALIA (updated 14 July 2005)
| Horizontal Datum | Geocentric Datum of Australia (ITRF92 @ 1994.0) |
| Ellipsoid |
GRS80 Semi major axis (a) = 6378137.0m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.2572221101 |
| Vertical Datum | Australian Height Datum (approx MSL) |
| Geoid | AUSGeoid98 (improved EGM96) |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities |
GPS (20) SLR (2) VLBI (2) DORIS (1) |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | No |
| Contact Details |
Mr Barry Drummond Manager, Earth Monitoring Geospatial & Earth Monitoring Division, Geoscience Australia Phone: +61 2 6249 9051 Fax: +61 2 6249 0029 Email: Barry.Drummond@ga.gov.au |
| More Information | www.ga.gov.au |
| Transformation Parameters | YES |
| Transformation Methods | 1. Distortion Modelling 2. 7 Parameter 3. Molodensky |
| More Information on Transformations | Mr Gary Johnston Project Manager, National Geospatial Reference Systems Geospatial & Earth Monitoring Division, Geoscience Australia Phone: +61 2 6201 4347 Fax: +61 2 6201 4366 Email: Gary.Johnston@ga.gov.au |
| Horizontal Datum | |
| Ellipsoid | |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| * Horizontal Datum | Indian |
| * Ellipsoid |
Everest 1830 Semi major axis (a) = 6377299.151m Flattening (1/f ) = 300.8017 [ * refer footnote ] |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| * Horizontal Datum | Indian 1960 |
| * Ellipsoid |
Everest 1830 Semi major axis (a) = 6377299.151m Flattening (1/f ) = 300.8017 [* refer footnote ] |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| * Horizontal Datum | Timbalai 1948 |
| * Ellipsoid |
(Everest 1830 Semi major axis (a) = 6377298.256m Flattening (1/f ) = 300.8017 (Bessel 1841 (Sarawak) Semi major axis (a) = 6377397.155m Flattening (1/f ) = 299.1528 [ * refer footnote ] |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | No |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | |
| Ellipsoid | |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | 1980 Xi'an Coordinate System |
| Ellipsoid |
IUGG 1975 Ellipsoid Semi major axis (a) = 6378140.0m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.256 |
| Vertical Datum |
1985 National Vertical System Huanghai mean sea level starting in Qingdao |
| Geoid | The mean difference of the Geoid is within 20m. |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities |
7 GPS permanent tracking stations in Beijing, Lhasa, Xi'an, etc. 1 SLR station in Beijing |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | Significant crustal movement affects this country. |
| Forward Program | Further refinement of the Geoid of China |
| Contact Details |
Dr. J.Y. Chen Senior Adviser State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping 9 Sanlihe Road, Baiwanzhuang, Beijing 100830, China Phone: +86 10 6833 9065 Fax: +86 10 6833 9095 E-mail: ychen@sun.ihep.ac.cn |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | YES |
| Transformation Method | 1. 7 Parameter 2. 3 Parameter |
| More Information on Transformations | Mr. ZHANG Ji Geodetic Data Processing Center Bureau of Surveying and Mapping of Shanxi Province 710054, 124 Youyi Dong Lu, Xi'an P.R.China Tel: +86 29 7881694 |
| * Horizontal Datum | Local |
| * Ellipsoid |
International 1924 Semi major axis (a) = 6378388.0m Flattening (1/f ) = 297.0 [ * refer footnote ] |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details |
Mr Keu Mataroa Head of Ministry Ministry of Works & Physical Planning PO Box 102 RAROTONGA COOK ISLANDS Ph: +682 20034 Fax: +682 21134 Email: secmow@oyster.net.ck |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | WGS72 |
| Ellipsoid |
WGS72 Semi major axis (a) = 6378135.0m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.26 |
| Vertical Datum | MSL |
| Geoid | OSU91 |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | GPS (1) |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | No |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | |
| Ellipsoid |
International 1924 Semi major axis (a) = 6378388.0m Flattening (1/f ) = 297.0 |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities |
GPS (Private Sector) SLR (1) DORIS |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | Contact University of French Polynesia |
| Forward Program | |
| Contact Details |
Lequeux Didier Service de l'Urbanisme BP 866 Papeete Tahiti French Polynesia Ph: +689 468 025 Fax: +689 468 025 |
| More Information |
UTM Xo=500,000 Yo=10,000,000 4 Fuseaux(Origines 135o, 141o,147o,153o) |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | NAD83 |
| Ellipsoid |
GRS80 Semi major axis (a) = 6378137.0m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.257222101 |
| Vertical Datum |
Mean sea level with 37 controls 1 tide gauge, 37 BMS |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems |
Yes 8.2 earthquake in 1993 - had to readjust geodetic network. |
| Forward Program | Through depreciation costing and sound technology advancement. |
| Contact Details |
Nicanor B. Carino, Chief of Cadastre and Guam Chief Surveyor Ph: +671 475 5295 or 475 5288 Fax: + 477 0883 land@ns.gov.au |
| More Information | 2900 survey controls (550 1st order) |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
HONG KONG, China
| Horizontal Datum | Hong Kong 1980 Geodetic Datum and WGS84 |
| Ellipsoid |
1.Hayford (1910) Semi major axis (a) = 6378388.0 m Flattening (1/f ) = 297.0 2.WGS84 Semi major axis (a) = 6378137.0 m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.257 |
| Vertical Datum | Hong Kong Principal Datum |
| Geoid | Not defined |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | 6 GPS Reference Stations |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | Unknown, but expect the magnitude of movement to be small. |
| Forward Program |
Operate 12 continuously operating GPS reference stations covering the whole
territory of HK. |
| Contact Details |
Simon, Chi Wo KWOK Geodetic Survey Section, Lands Department 24/F, North Point Govt. Offices, 333 Java Road, North Point, Hong Kong. Ph. (852) 2231 3489 Fax (852) 2116 0778 Email: LNDSLSG@Landsd.gov.hk |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | YES |
| Transformation Method | 7 Parameter, Technical Details |
| More Information on Transformations | Simon, Chi Wo KWOK Geodetic Survey Section, Lands Department 24/F, North Point Govt. Offices, 333 Java Road, North Point, Hong Kong. Ph. (852) 2231 3489 Fax (852) 2116 0778 Email: LNDSLSG@Landsd.gov.hk |
| Horizontal Datum | Indian |
| Ellipsoid |
Everest Semi major axis (a) = 6377301.243m Flattening (1/f ) = 300.80 |
| Vertical Datum | Mean sea level at nine tide gauges |
| Geoid |
Geoidal undulations are determined through gravity and astronomical observation. |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | Yes. Particularly in Himalayan region. |
| Forward Program |
Plan to establish permanent GPS stations and improve geodetic control network. |
| Contact Details |
Surveyor General of India Survey of India, Hathibarkala Estate Dehra Dun-248001 (India) Ph: 0091 135 744 268 Fax: 0091 135 744 064 Email: sgo@ndb.vsnl.net.in |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | At the the time of migration from Indonesian Datum 1974 or ID74 based on
GRS67 reference ellipsoid to WGS84, since 1989 we established primary network
as GPS geodynamic network. GPS data collected from this network was estimated
based on ITRF91 using GAMIT/GLOBK software, all stations of the primary
network then converted to WGS84 using 7 transformation parameters values
from IERS/IGN. At present we have just finished re-processing all GPS data of Indonesian Geodetic and Geodynamic Control Network incorporating with APRGP GPS data sets using GAMIT/GLOBK software latest version, in order to produce a single global solution. All solutions of the GPS data were processed with constrained to ITRF2000 epoch 1998.0 at core stations coordinates and their velocity values. |
| Ellipsoid | WGS84 |
| Vertical Datum | Present status of the vertical datum of precise levelling network of the big island within archipelago was using mean MSL derived from several tide gauge stations located at individual island: first order levelling network in Java Is., Madura Is., Bali Is and Lombok Is.; second order levelling network in Sumatera mainland Is., Sulawesi Is., Western Kalimantan, Ambon Is. and Western Seram Is. |
| Geoid | Using global geopotential model EGM96 |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | Installed at 6 locations, one station at BAKOSURTANAL as an IGS global station. |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | Crustal deformation studies in Indonesia region have been done since 1989 scientific collaboration with international institutions. Present status of micro plate tectonic studies is on going. |
| Contact Details | Cecep Subarya BAKOSURTANAL Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km,46 Cibinong 16911 BOGOR - INDONESIA Ph: +62 21 8757329 Fax: +62 21 8754592 Email: geodesi@indo.net.id |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | YES - from Indonesian Datum 1994 namely ID74 based on GRS67 reference ellipsoid
to Indonesian Geodetic Datum 1995 (IGD95) based on WGS84 reference ellipsoid.
The value of 7 transformation parameters are following: |
| Transformation Method | 7 parameter transformation - these are derived from 38 common stations geometricaly well distributed covering the whole country, using Bursa-Wolf formula. |
| More Information on Transformations | Cecep Subarya BAKOSURTANAL Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km,46 Cibinong 16911 BOGOR - INDONESIA Ph: +62 21 8757329 Fax: +62 21 8754592 Email: geodesi@indo.net.id |
| Horizontal Datum | ED50, WGS84 |
| Ellipsoid |
1.Hayford (1910) Semi major axis (a) = 6378388.0 m Flattening (1/f ) = 297.0 2.WGS84 Semi major axis (a) = 6378137.0 m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.257223563 |
| Vertical Datum |
Old: Origin from Faw in Iraq at the Persian Gulf. New: Origin from the Bandar-Abbas at the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea in Iran. |
| Geoid | Iranian geoid |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | One GPS station. |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | Yes. Shortening between the Arabian and Touran plates. |
| Forward Program |
1.Reobserving the zero-order GPS Network 2.Establishment and observing Zagros GPS Network periodically 3.Reobserving the PCGIAP Network 4.Reobserving the 1st order Levelling Network |
| Contact Details |
Mr. Farokh Tavakoli Head of Surveying and Geodesy Dept. NCC Meraj Ave Azadi Square Tehran Iran Ph: +98 21 600 1090 Ph: +98 21 600 1971 email: ncc-iran@rose.ipm.ac.ir |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum |
Japanese Geodetic Datum 2000 (ITRF94, Epoch 1997.0) |
| Ellipsoid |
GRS80 Semi major axis (a) = 6378137.00m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.257222101 |
| Vertical Datum |
The Mean Sea Level of Tokyo Bay The origin (the Japanese Vertical Datum Bench Mark) is 24.4140m above the Mean Sea Level of Tokyo Bay |
| Geoid | GSIGEO2000 |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities |
GPS Earth Observation Network System (about 1,200 stations) VLBI Observation Network (4 stations) |
| Tectonic Movement Problems |
Situated in the boundary area of Pacific Plate, North American Plate, Eurasia Plate, Philippine Sea Plate, there exist complicated crustal movements, which are large enough to affect geodetic system |
| Contact Details |
Masanori Koide Director, Geodetic Department, Geographical Survey Institute Kitasato-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0811 JAPAN Phone : +81-29-864-2665 Fax : +81-29-864-1802 e-mail : mkoide@gsi.go.jp |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | No |
| Transformation Method | None |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | |
| Ellipsoid | |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum |
WGS 84 WGS72 Multiple Astro. Datums on International Spheroid |
| Ellipsoid |
WGS 84 Semi major axis (a) = 6378137.0 m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.257223563 WGS72 Semi major axis (a) = 6378135.0 m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.26 Multiple Astro. Datums on International Spheroid Semi major axis (a) = 6378388.0m Flattening (1/f ) = 297.0 |
| Vertical Datum |
Tide gauge zero University of Hawaii (Tarawa). |
| Geoid |
Some information may be available from the National Tidal Facility, Flinders University. |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Forward Program |
Future information to be based on WGS84 and University of Hawaii vertical datum. |
| Contact Details |
Tebutonga Ereata Chief Surveyor Land Management Division PO Box 7 BAIRIKI, TARAWA KIRIBATI Ph: +686 21 283 Fax: +686 21 463 |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
KOREA (North) Democratic People's Republic of
| * Horizontal Datum | Tokyo |
| * Ellipsoid |
Bessel 1841 Semi major axis (a) = 6377397.155 m Flattening (1/f ) = 299.1528 [ * refer footnote ] |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
KOREA (South) Republic of (updated 14 July 2006)
| Horizontal Datum |
Geocentric datum of Korea (ITRF2000, at 2002.0) |
| Ellipsoid |
Semi major axis (a) = GRS80 Flattening (1/f ) = 298.257222101 |
| Vertical Datum | Mean sea level of Incheon Bay |
| Geoid | KGeoid 98 |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | GPS : 80 continuously observation reference stations |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | No |
| Forward Program | Further adjustment of the Korean Geodetic Network (by the end of 2006) |
| Contact Details |
Mr. Kim, Dong-Kyu Geodesist, Geodesy Division kbruce74@moct.go.kr National Geographic Information Institute (NGII) Ministry of Construction & Transportation 111, Woncheon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 443-772, Republic of Korea Phone: +82-31-210-2642 Fax: +82-31-210-2756 |
| More Information | Please visit NGII Homepage |
| Transformation Parameters | Yes |
| Transformation Method | 7 parameter (Bursa-wolf) |
| Projection method | TM |
| More Information on Transformations | Please visit NGII Homepage |
| Horizontal Datum | |
| Ellipsoid | |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | Lao 97 |
| Ellipsoid |
Krassovski Semi major axis (a) = 6378245.00m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.3 |
| Vertical Datum | MSL South China Sea |
| Geoid | OSU91a |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | None |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | Never Observed |
| Contact Details | Mr. Kongkham Sourigna The National Geographic Department of LAOS P.O. Box 2159, NGD, Vientiane, LAOS Ph: +856 21 218467 Fax: +856 21 214915 Email: ngdmap@laotel.com |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | YES |
| Transformation Method | 7 Parameter |
| More Information on Transformations | Mr. Kongkham Sourigna The National Geographic Department of LAOS P.O. Box 2159, NGD, Vientiane, LAOS Ph: +856 21 218467 Fax: +856 21 214915 Email: ngdmap@laotel.com |
| Horizontal Datum | Macao SAR Grid Local Datum, WGS84 |
| Ellipsoid |
(1) Hayford (1909) Semi major axis (a) = 6378388.0 m Flattening (1/f ) = 297.0 (2)WGS84 Semi major axis (a) = 6378137.0 m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.2572235 |
| Vertical Datum | Mean Sea Level Tide Gauge Observation Tidal |
| Geoid | No |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | 1 GPS Reference Station in Macao Peninsula |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | None |
| Forward Program |
(1)Plan to establish other GPS Reference Stations. (2)Update the GPS Control Network. |
| Contact Details |
Cheong Sio Kei Acting Director Direcção dos Serviços de Cartographia e Cadastro Estrada de D Maria 11, 32-36 Edifício Cem 5 Andar MACAU, via HONG KONG Ph: +853 340 040 Fax: +853 340 046 Email: dscc@macau.ctm.net |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | YES |
| Transformation Method | 7 parameter: Molodensky - Badekas |
| More Information on Transformations | Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Projection |
| Horizontal Datum |
1. Malayan Revised Triangulation for Peninsular Malaysia - MRT48 with 77 geodetic, 240 primary, 837 secondary and 51 tertiary control points. - MRT94 with 238 GPS control points. 2. Boneo Triangulation (BT68) for Sabah and Sarawak |
| Ellipsoid |
Modified Everest. 1.Origin for Peninsular at Kertau Semi major axis (a) = 6377304.063m Semi minor axis (b) = 6356103.039m Flattening (1/f ) = 300.8017 2.Origin for Sabah and Sarawak at Timbalai Semi major axis (a) = 6377298.556m Semi minor axis (b) = 6356097.550m Flattening (1/f ) = 300.8017 |
| Vertical Datum |
The National Vertical Geodetic Datum ( NGVD ) is based on tidal observations at the Port Klang tidal station for 10 years (1984 - 1993). It replaces the Land Survey Datum 1912. |
| Geoid |
In cooperation with the University of New South Wales of Australia, the mean residual gravity anomaly map for Peninsular Malaysia was produced basing on terrestrial data, sea-borne and altimetry using the EGM96 model. This geoid map offers an accuracy of 2 ppm for the federal territory of Kuala Lumpur and the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia. |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities |
The DSMM is in the process of establishing 15 continuous operating permanent GPS stations through out the country. One of these is a GEODYSSEA point at Bt. Pak Apil in the state of Terengganu. |
| Tectonic Movement Problems |
None, as the whole country in located on one plate and moving as a whole. The Permanent GPS stations will provide continuous monitoring of the situation. |
| Contact Details |
Department of Survey and Mapping Bangunan Ukur, Jalan Semarak 50578 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tel: 603 2617 0800 Fax:603 2691 7457 E-mail: kpup@po.jaring.my |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | YES |
| Transformation Method | 7 Parameter |
| More Information on Transformations | Dato' Hamid B Ali Director General, Survey & Mapping Malaysia Bangunan Ukur Jalan Semarak 50578 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Tel: 603 2617 0811 Fax: 603 2691 7457 Email: kpup@po.jaring.my |
| Horizontal Datum | WGS 84 |
| Ellipsoid |
Semi major axis (a) = 6378137.0 m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.257223563 |
| Vertical Datum | MSL |
| Geoid | OSU91af |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | No |
| Forward Program | |
| Contact Details |
Mr Adhuham Niyaz Senior Surveyor Ministry of Construction and Public Works Izzudheen Magu, Male' 20-02 MALDIVES Ph: 960 32 3474 Fax: 960 32 8300 Email: mcpw@dhivehinet.net.mv |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | |
| Ellipsoid | |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | |
| Ellipsoid |
( for Pohnpei) WGS 84 Semi major axis (a) = 6378137.0 m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.257223563 |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | Pulkovo 1942 datum |
| Ellipsoid |
Krassowsky 1940 Semi major axis (a)=6378245.0m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.3 |
| Vertical Datum | Baltic Sea level |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems |
Mongolia belongs to the high seisma-active zone, particularly western part of Mongolia. The earthquakes were with capacity 8-12 mark in Rehter scale in 1905, 1936, and 1967 in Mongolia. |
| Forward Program |
We have a plan to determine National Geodetic coordinate and height system. We have a plan to have GPS receivers for Mapping and Workstations for GIS and NSDI. |
| Contact Details |
Dr Munahbaatar Enkhbayar Chairman State Administration of Geodesy & Cartography Mongolian Governmental Implementing Agency Ikh Toiruu Str-15 210644 ULAANBAATAR MONGOLIA Ph: +976 1 322 683 Fax: +976 1 322 683 Email: enkhbayar@mailcity.com |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | |
| Ellipsoid | |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | |
| Ellipsoid | |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | Triangulation using sun observation as datum |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| * Horizontal Datum | Indian 1960 |
| * Ellipsoid |
Everest 1830 Semi major axis (a) = 6377299.151m Flattening (1/f ) = 300.8017 [ * refer footnote ] |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| * Horizontal Datum | |
| * Ellipsoid |
International 1924 Semi major axis (a) = 6378388.0m Flattening (1/f ) = 297 [ * refer footnote ] |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum |
New Zealand Geodetic Datum 2000 (ITRF96 at 2000.0) |
| Ellipsoid |
GRS80 Semi major axis (a) = 6378137.0 Flattening (1/f ) = 297.257222101 |
| Vertical Datum | Thirteen regional vertical datum based on local tide gauges. |
| Geoid | EGM96 (A program is currently under way to develop a new geoid model for New Zealand) |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | 2 GPS permanent tracking sites contribute data to the IGS. A program is underway to develop a network of 20-30 Zero order tracking stations. These stations will start coming on line from April 2002. |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | A velocity model is incorporated in NZGD2000 to enable epoch 2000.0 coordinates to be generated from the observations made at other times. |
| Forward Program |
1. Develop a National Zero Order Permanent Tracking Network. 2. Develop a new New Zealand Geoid Model. 3. Consider implementation of a four dimensional datum. |
| Contact Details | Graeme Blick Geodetic Survey Advisor Office of the Surveyor-General Land Information New Zealand Tel: +64 4 4716859 Fax: +64 4 4600112 Email: gblick@linz.govt.nz |
| More Information | www.linz.govt.nz |
| Transformation Parameters | YES - Standard ITRF parameters are used to transform NZGD2000 (ie ITRF96) coordinates to ITRF2000 or WGS84. |
| Transformation Method | Standard 3 and 7 parameter transformations, and a grid file are available to transform between the previous datum (NZGD49) and NZGD2000. |
| More Information on Transformations | See documentation on the LINZ web site at www.linz.govt.nz/services/surveysystem/osgpublications/ |
| Horizontal Datum |
Niue Geodetic 1991 - origin of coordinates in terms of PMB Point at: Latitude 19o03'10"S and Longitude 169o55'22"W |
| Ellipsoid |
WGS 84 Semi major axis (a) = 6378137.0 m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.257223563 |
| Vertical Datum |
Orthometric Heights Note: GPS is a 3D positioning system, therefore, heighting must be considered in new geodetic system for Niue |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | One permanent GPS Receiver established for the whole island. |
| Tectonic Movement Problems |
Yes. Previous studies indicate Niue is moving toward Tonga at almost 20cm per year. |
| Forward Program |
There is no immediate plan to change our coordinates or heights system. However, emphasis has been and will be focused in the upgrade of the two systems, especially the coordinates. The SW Pacific GPS project has been of great assistance with this upgrade. |
| Contact Details |
Mr George Lipi Sioneholo (Surveyor) PO Box 75 ALOFI NIUE Ph: +683 4128 Fax: +683 4231 Email: glsioneholo@mail.gov.nu |
| More Information |
WGS84 - reference system and ellipsoid to be adjusted for the Niue survey
datum. The new datum is the Niue Geodetic Datum 1991 (NGD 1991) Projections
- Traverse Mercator Projection. GPS Survey Report for Niue c/- GPS Operation Unit, Heophy House Terralink, Wellington NZ - Refer to Appendix H of this report for more detailed information regarding Niue Geodesy. |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | |
| Ellipsoid | |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| * Horizontal Datum | Indian |
| * Ellipsoid |
Everest 1830 Semi major axis (a) = 6377299.151m Flattening (1/f ) = 300.8017 [ * refer footnote ] |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | NAD27 |
| Ellipsoid |
Clarke 1866 Semi major axis (a) = 6378206.4m Flattening (1/f ) = 294.9787 |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | PNG 94. |
| Ellipsoid |
GRS 80 Semi major axis (a) = 6378137.0m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.257222101 |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities |
The NMB operated a permanent base station called NMB Tower using GPS recievers. It also operates a DORIS beacon at Waigani Office Centre. |
| Tectonic Movement Problems |
Yes. Currently there is a monitoring program with the Australian National University of Canberra and the University of California. Field observations were done last year with both organisations. NMB is not involved in computations. |
| Forward Program |
Currently there are no set plans for immediate upgrading or change with the existing geodetic. More tertiary work in townships or build-up areas is necessary but this is due to the availability of both staff and funds. |
| Contact Details |
Mr Robert Rosa National Mapping Bureau PO Box 296 Waigani PAPUA NEW GUINEA Ph: +675 327 6454 Fax: +675 327 6460 Email: natmap@datec.com.pg |
| More Information |
The School of Surveying at the University of Technology in PNG can be a
contributor on geodesy matters. The Head School of Surveying & Land Studies University of Technology PO Free Mail Bag Lae, Marobe Province Papua New Guinea Ph: +675 473 4951 Fax: +675 475 7667 |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum |
WGS84 PRS92 |
| Ellipsoid |
WGS 84 Semi major axis (a) = 6378137.0 m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.257223563 Clarke 1866 Semi major axis (a) = 6378206.400m Flattening (1/f ) = 294.978698214 |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | Krasovsky geodetic system 1995 (SK-95) |
| Ellipsoid |
Krasovsky 1940 Semi major axis (a)=6378245.0m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.3 |
| Vertical Datum |
Russian level 1977 (Baltic sea level of Kronshtadt) with special mathematical formulas |
| Geoid |
Quasi-geoids estimated for any territory to solve local geodesy tasks (based on Krasovsky ellipsoid and common Earth's ellipsoid)) |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities |
Over 100 wide spread GPS points of subcentimeter accuracy in ITRS; 26 global national stations based on TRANSIT system (USA); 164,000 points of astronomical geodetic network of the 1st and 2nd order and about 200,000 points of state geodetic network of the 3rd and 4th orders. |
| Tectonic Movement Problems |
Monitoring of Tectonic Movement Data bank of the National Tectonic Movement |
| Forward Program |
Federal Program Geodesy Development based navigation satellite system GLONASS (analog GPS) |
| Contact Details |
Gleb Demianov Head of Geodetic Department Central Research Institute of Geodesy Aerial Surveying and Cartography (TsNIIGAiK), Moscow Moscow Onezhskaja 26 Russian Federation 125413 Fax: +7 095 456 9531 Email: gleb@geod.ru |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | YES - Between SK-95 and ITRF |
| Transformation Method | 7 parameters |
| More Information on Transformations | Parameters are representative for Russia territory with the accuracy of about 0.3-0.5 m for each rectangular coordinate, it determined by the use of a limited number of points and will be obtained with time |
| Horizontal Datum | |
| Ellipsoid | |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| * Horizontal Datum | SVY95 |
| * Ellipsoid |
WGS84 Semi-major axis(a) = 6378137.0000m Semi-minor axis(b)= 6356752.3142m Flattening (1/f ) = 1/298.257223563 Eccentricity = 0.0818191908426 |
| Vertical Datum | PLD - Mean Sea Level=0.0m based on tidal observations at Victoria Dock during the period 1935-1937. The tide gauge has been demolished. |
| Geoid | Unofficial geoid model available |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | 5 continuous operating GPS reference stations |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | Leong Kai Weng Land Survey Department Singapore Land Authority 8 Shenton Way #26-01 Temasek Tower Singapore 068811 Ph: +65 6323 9787 Fax: +65 6323 9937 Email : Leong_Kai_Weng@sla.gov.sg |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | YES - Block adjustment for cadastral coordinates to SVY95 |
| Transformation Method | Affine transformation |
| More Information on Transformations | See contact above |
| Horizontal Datum | |
| Ellipsoid |
International 1924 Semi major axis (a) = 6378388.0m Flattening (1/f ) = 297 |
| Vertical Datum | Mean Sea Level |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems |
Tectonic movements are frequent in our country and can affect coordinate system. Measurements taken straight after a major earthquake in 1986 showed minor relative shift. |
| Forward Program |
Our need may be to utilise the GPS observation for the Tide Group Project and to establish ITRF coordinates. |
| Contact Details |
Mr Jackson Viakota Surveyor General Survey & Land Mapping Division Ministry of Lands & Housing PO Box G38 HONIARA SOLOMON ISLANDS Ph: +677 21 511 ext 39 Fax: +677 26 134 |
| More Information |
Our coordinate system for cadastral and mapping is based on 500,000m West and South (false origin) from 159o (Central Meridian) |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | Everest 1830 |
| Ellipsoid |
Semi major axis (a) = 6377299.151m Flattening (1/f ) = 300.8017 |
| Vertical Datum | Mean sea level with one tide gauge is used in vertical datum |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | 8 GPS receivers and 1 base station. |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | No |
| Forward Program |
Upgrade of present geodetic network using GPS receivers is almost complete. |
| Contact Details |
Director Institue of Surveying and mapping Diyatalawa Sri Lanka Ph / Fax: +94 57 22004 |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | |
| Ellipsoid | |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | Indian Datum 1975 |
| Ellipsoid | |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | No |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | |
| Ellipsoid | |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | Tonga Cadastral Grid Datum |
| Ellipsoid |
Hayford (1910) Semi major axis (a) = 6378388.0 m Flattening (1/f ) = 297.0 |
| Vertical Datum | MSL |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Forward Program |
The first stage of our GIS development will be to upgrade and densify our Geodetic datum with GPS. |
| Contact Details |
Mr Teuita Malolo Chief Geodetic Surveyor PO Box 5 NUKU'ALOFA KINGDOM OF TONGA Ph: +676 23 210 Fax: +676 23 216 Email: minlands@candw.to |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | |
| Ellipsoid | |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| * Horizontal Datum | Various astro |
| * Ellipsoid |
International 1924 Semi major axis (a) = 6378388.0m Flattening (1/f ) = 297 [ * refer footnote ] |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum | |
| Ellipsoid | |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details | |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum |
Santo (DOS) for Northern Block (From Paama Is to Santo Is) Bellevue (IGN) Efate and Erromango Is South Vanuatu (Southern Block) |
| Ellipsoid |
1.International 1924 Semi major axis (a) = 6378388.0m Flattening (1/f ) = 297 2.WGS 72 Semi major axis (a) = 6378135.0m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.26 3.WGS 84 Semi major axis (a) = 6378137.0m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.257223563 |
| Vertical Datum |
Mean Sea Level (Height Datum 1973) Port Vill, Efate (Efate Island only) |
| Geoid |
Currently establishing GPS points around the islands in Vanuatu but need to have mean sea level points established and connected to these GPS points. Very little work has been done on gravity work. |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities |
Two GPS Stations Fresh water station (Vila Efate) IRHO Station (Santo island) (Two continously operating space geodetic facilities) established by ORSTOM |
| Tectonic Movement Problems |
Yes, but nothing done yet to connect Orstom points around the country to
our DOS network to find what differences are. For more information about tectonic movements contact Orsto office in Vanuatu. Ph: +678 22907 Fax: +678 25857 |
| Forward Program |
To reobserve old existing network using GPS for the purpose of: 1.Transformation Parameters 2.For height systems To plan to come up with points having two types of heights: 1.Spheroidal Heights 2.Orthometric Heights |
| Contact Details |
Mr Edwin Arthur Director Department of Land Survey PMB 024, PORT VILA VANUATU Ph: +678 22427 Fax: +678 25973 Email: landsurvey@vanuatu.com.vu |
| More Information |
For forward plan or program we need to establish a level network around main sub centres and connect to existing horizontal networks be able to produce topo maps showing WGS 84 geoid for whole country |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
| Horizontal Datum |
Indian Punkova WGS84 |
| Ellipsoid |
Everest 1830 Semi major axis (a) = 6377299.151m Flattening (1/f ) = 300.8017 Krassowsky Semi major axis (a) = Flattening (1/f ) = WGS84 Semi major axis (a) = 6378137.0m Flattening (1/f ) = 298.257223563 |
| Vertical Datum | |
| Geoid | VN-GEOID98 |
| Permanent Geodetic Facilities | |
| Tectonic Movement Problems | |
| Contact Details |
Prof. Dr. Sc. Dang Hung Vo Dr Tran Bach Giang Department of Land Administration 73 Lang Trung St DONG DA, HANOI VIETNAM Ph: +84 4 8344 066 Fax: +84 4 8359 269 Email: vo.gdla@hn.vnn.vn |
| More Information | |
| Transformation Parameters | |
| Transformation Method | |
| More Information on Transformations |
Footnote
* Indicates information has been taken from:
"BEAR ESSENTIALS
or
Geodesy Facts You Always Wanted to Know About
But Didn't Know Where to Find them"
Malcolm Jones
Fugro Surveys
Perth, W.A.
Australia
The contact point for this web page is sec@pcgiap.org
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This page was last updated 01/10/2006